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To Hell and Back: Europe 1914-1949
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The Penguin History of Europe series reaches the 20th century with acclaimed scholar Ian Kershaw's long-anticipated analysis of the pivotal years of World War I and World War II.
The European catastrophe, the long, continuous period from 1914 to1949, was unprecedented in human history - an extraordinarily dramatic, often traumatic, and endlessly fascinating period of upheaval and transformation. This new volume in the Penguin History of Europe series offers comprehensive coverage of this tumultuous era. Beginning with the outbreak of World War I through the rise of Hitler and the aftermath of the Second World War, award-winning British historian Ian Kershaw combines his characteristic original scholarship and gripping prose as he profiles the key decision makers and the violent shocks of war as they affected the entire European continent and radically altered the course of European history. Kershaw identifies four major causes for this catastrophe: an explosion of ethnic-racist nationalism, bitter and irreconcilable demands for territorial revisionism, acute class conflict given concrete focus through the Bolshevik Revolution, and a protracted crisis of capitalism.
Incisive, brilliantly written, and filled with penetrating insights, To Hell and Back offers an indispensable study of a period in European history whose effects are still being felt today.
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Audible Audiobook
Listening Length: 26 hours and 43 minutes
Program Type: Audiobook
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Publisher: Recorded Books
Audible.com Release Date: November 17, 2015
Language: English, English
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The Europe of 1914, at least for its bourgeoisie, represented the height of civilization, the “Belle Époque†if you will. And of a sudden the wheels fell off the track and the continent plunged into the darkness The Great War. British historian Ian Kershaw certainly proves George Kennan’s maxim that World War I was “the great seminal catastrophe of the 20th Century.†The war arose in the milieu of ethnic nationalism, territorial revisionism and increasing class conflict growing out of mass industrialization. These three factors would remain long after the war ended and into this pot would be thrown the crisis in capitalism induced by the Great Depression.Also arising out of the war was the successful Bolshevik Revolution that sent chills down the spines of the conservative elite. To Kershaw this was the most important event of the 20th Century because the very real fear of communism made opposition to the rise of fascism far more difficult in the West. It hardened the right and split the left.As a result the crisis in capitalism forced politics to the right rather than the left which is not too much different from what happened post-2008. Thus the West’s response to the rise of fascism was timid, to say the least with respect to Germany’s re-occupation of the Rhineland in 1936, the Spanish Civil War and the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in 1938. All the while the great purge trials were going on in Moscow.Kershaw’s view of this history seems more deterministic than say that of Zara Steiner’s. To him there is more or less a straight-line between the Versailles settlements to the start of World War II. To be sure he gives credit to “the spirit of Locarno,†but not enough in my opinion. He also leaves out two chance events that may have altered history. The first is outside his topic and that was the premature death of New York Federal Reserve President in 1928. Had he lived, in the minds of more than a few economists the worst effects of the Great Depression might have been avoided. Within his bailiwick was again the premature death of German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann in October 1929. If there ever were a German politician who could have stopped Hitler, it was Stresemann.Kershaw brings the holocaust to the forefront in Hitler’s war of annihilation in the East in his coverage of World War II. Simply put Hitler wanted to conquer the West, but he wanted to destroy the East. He almost succeeded.Kershaw finishes his book with the beginnings of the postwar recovery, the role of the Marshall plan and the start of the Cold War. By 1949 Europe is central to the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, but its power is but a shadow of its former self. Kershaw has done an excellent job in portraying this epochal period that this review hardly does justice to.
In adfition to being beautifully written, this book makes sense out of the competing geopolitical factors contributing to both WW I and WW II. Kershaw makes a compelling case that the Russian revolution was the single most important event of the first half of the 20th century. His logic is flawless.I loved this book, and highly recommend it to students and scholars of these world-changing eras.
Not Kershaw's best work. The argument of a forty years war falls short and he himself admits so half-way through the book. Inside you will find zero footnotes or annotations and very little in terms of surprising scholarship. It is perhaps fine as an introductory survey into the Great War and its aftermath, but the idea of the inevitability of the Second World War offers too much of a presentist scope where hindsight is 20/20.
This is an extraordinary history of the boiling struggles in Europe during the first half of the twentieth century, a period marked by two brutal wars, each driven by the ambitions and goals of the major European nation states. These wars brought death and destruction to wide swaths of Europe, leaving millions – many millions – dead or incapacitated. Ian Kershaw tackles this vast subject with his customary great eye for detail and his even greater capacity to make plain sense out of a series of tortuously twisted facts.How could Russia have wound up on the Allied side of the second World War? How could the great culture of Germany have given life and support to a madman? How could the post-war world fall into such a tortuous face-off between the two great Allies, Russia and the United States? What can these two terrible conflicts say about the road ahead?I came away from this history of Europe in the early to mid-20th century fascinated with the interplay of force. These ranged from Germany, somewhat unfortunately located in the dead center of the European continent, relentlessly developing its military, commercial and cultural powers, a Russian state coming apart during the first world war and then using its immense resources to maul the German army in the second war and, more sadly, France, a major factor in the first world war but an exhausted and even somewhat pathetic relic in the second world war.The story of these two wars has been told many times. Kershaw’s history is very short on the details of the wars -- in fact, Eisenhower is not even mentioned in this 500 page book, the invasion of Africa and then Europe in the second war is nowhere to be found, the gradual involvement of the United States, of pivotal importance in both wars, is left virtually untouched. Quite clearly, this is not a military history. It is far more a discussion of national ambitions, political maneuvering, and – in the end – a scathing commentary on the vicious brutality of the Nazi regime in its efforts to reshape the population of Europe through the near-successful extermination of the Jews, one of the saddest chapters in the history of the world.The scarcity of a military view of these two wars is not a weakness. Kershaw knows all the details in both wars. He has written definitive accounts of Hitler’s rise and of the fateful decisions during the second great war. He is a careful and thoughtful historian of European affairs, with all of its complexities, in the second half of the twentieth century. In this absorbing book, he concentrates on the causes of the conflicts; he examines the people of Europe who made the major decisions that led to the wars and then led to the consequences of the wars. He deals with the histories of the major countries in Europe with an eye trained on what each country wanted from its involvement. Poland wanted security from the Russian bear to its east; France wanted safety from Germany; Russia wanted to expand its presence in the Balkans and ultimately into the heart of Europe; Britain wanted to keep European powers balanced, with none able to exert its unrestrained will; Germany wanted a larger slice of European land. Each had its own agenda.This marvelous history, as much a history of ideas as it is of the two wars fought on European soil during the twentieth century, ends with a look at Europe emerging from this chaos in far stronger shape than it had ever had been in the first half of the century, regaining its balance and now capable of a greater impact on the way the world works than ever before.
A political and social history of a terrible span of time in Europe. Preparing for war and war itself were the dominant occurrences during the 35 years covered by this book, written by the noted British historian Ian Kershaw. Ethnic hatreds thrived. Life was snuffed out with abandon and without remorse.Well-written, with many penetrating judgments and offers of opinions on what might have been at various junctures. This is a good book for the person desiring to know more about why it all blew up in Europe during the early to mid part of the last century.I personally found interesting the material on the great loss of life even after the close of World War II in 1945.This is not a battle history:you will seek in vain for the names of such U.S. generals as Patton and Eisenhower. The text is not foot-noted, but a nice bibliography is provided.
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